MENGKAJI DAMPAK SOSIO-EKONOMI PARIWISATA DAN KEBERLANJUTAN: STUDI KASUS KOMUNITAS LOKAL  DI MANDALIKA, LOMBOK

Nirwasita Daniswara; Ahmad Wildan Habibi; Elsa Pebriana

doi:10.21274/sosebi.v6i1.11973

Authors

Nirwasita Daniswara Dosen Jurusan Sosiologi, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak
Ahmad Wildan Habibi Dosen Jurusan Sosiologi, Universitas Lambung Mangkurat, Banjarmasin
Elsa Pebriana Mahasiswa Prodi Pembangunan Sosial, Universitas Tanjungpura, Pontianak

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.21274/sosebi.v6i1.11973

Keywords:

pariwisata, keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi, komunitas lokal, Mandalika, kerentanan sosial

Abstract

Abstrak: Pariwisata sering diposisikan sebagai motor pertumbuhan ekonomi, namun dampaknya terhadap keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi masyarakat lokal masih menunjukkan dinamika yang kompleks dan tidak selalu merata. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dampak pariwisata terhadap kondisi sosio-ekonomi masyarakat lokal, distribusi manfaat ekonomi, serta keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi dalam konteks pengembangan kawasan Mandalika sebagai destinasi pariwisata skala besar. Penelitian menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan desain studi kasus, melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi, dan analisis dokumentasi terhadap 25 informan yang terdiri dari masyarakat lokal, pelaku usaha, dan pemangku kepentingan. Analisis data dilakukan secara tematik dengan mengacu pada kerangka Social Exchange Theory (SET) dan konsep keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pariwisata di Mandalika menghasilkan dampak yang ambivalen. Di satu sisi, pariwisata mendorong pertumbuhan ekonomi melalui penciptaan lapangan kerja dan peluang usaha baru. Di sisi lain, manfaat ekonomi tidak terdistribusi secara merata, sehingga sebagian masyarakat tetap berada dalam pekerjaan berupah rendah, sektor informal, dan kondisi kerja yang tidak stabil. Selain itu, peluang ekonomi yang lebih menguntungkan cenderung dikuasai oleh aktor dengan modal dan akses yang lebih kuat, yang memperkuat ketimpangan dan eksklusi struktural. Penelitian ini juga menemukan bahwa keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi tidak hanya ditentukan oleh pertumbuhan ekonomi, tetapi oleh akses masyarakat terhadap pekerjaan layak, kepemilikan usaha, sumber daya produktif, serta partisipasi dalam tata kelola pariwisata. Secara teoretis, studi ini berkontribusi dengan mengintegrasikan SET dan pendekatan keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi untuk menjelaskan hubungan antara distribusi manfaat, persepsi keadilan, dan keberlanjutan di tingkat lokal. Temuan ini menegaskan pentingnya pengembangan model pariwisata yang lebih inklusif, berbasis keadilan distribusi dan pemberdayaan masyarakat lokal.

Kata Kunci: pariwisata; keberlanjutan sosio-ekonomi; komunitas lokal; Mandalika; kerentanan sosial.

Abstract: Tourism is widely positioned as a driver of economic growth; however, its impacts on the socio-economic sustainability of local communities remain complex and uneven. This study analyzes the impact of tourism on local socio-economic conditions, the distribution of economic benefits, and the sustainability of local livelihoods in Mandalika as a large-scale tourism destination. A qualitative case study approach was employed using in-depth interviews, field observations, and document analysis involving 25 informants, including local communities, tourism business actors, and stakeholders. Data were analyzed thematically based on Social Exchange Theory (SET) and a socio-economic sustainability framework. The findings reveal that tourism development in Mandalika produces ambivalent economic impacts. On the one hand, tourism stimulates economic growth through job creation and expanded business opportunities. On the other hand, these benefits are unevenly distributed, with many local residents remaining in low-paid, informal, and unstable employment. More profitable opportunities tend to be dominated by actors with greater capital, skills, and network access, reinforcing structural inequality and social exclusion. The study also finds that socio-economic sustainability is not solely determined by economic growth, but by the extent to which local communities have access to decent work, business ownership, productive resources, and participation in tourism governance. Theoretically, this study integrates SET with a socio-economic sustainability perspective to explain the relationship between benefit distribution, perceived fairness, and long-term local sustainability outcomes, highlighting the need for more inclusive tourism development.

Keywords: tourism; socio-economic sustainability; local communities; Mandalika; social vulnerability

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