Keywords
Hijri
Islamic epistemological methods
Indonesia
How to Cite
Abstract
This article deals with varieties of epistemological methods in calculating days of lunar calendar (hijri), mainly on the beginning date of months. Examining different methods in Indonesian Islamic-scape, it argues that there are three epistemological models which are rooted at Islamic classical epistemologies; the ahl al-hadith (textualist), the ahl al-ray (contextualist), and the intuitive sufi. The ahl al-hadith emphasizes on the empirical rukyatul-hilal (witnessing the moon), whereas the ahl al-ra’y strongly concerns on the mathematically rational method. The sufi, not so popular in Indonesia but influential in some sufi circles, deploys the intuitive kashf (uncovering) method. In some cases, these three are however intertwined and in contradiction one to another. The article futher argues that different method-in-use is strongly influenced the local spesificties of diverse Indonesian Muslim’s backgrounds, and groupings.
References
Abdali, Kamal, “On the Crescent’s Visibility”, Al-Ittihad, Vol. 16, No. 1-2, 1979.
al-Hamidan, Hamidan ibn Abdullah ibn Muhammad, “al-Madaris al-Fiqhiyyah fi Asr al-Tabi’in Ahl al-Hadith wa aAhl al-Ra’y,” Majallah Al-Ulum al-Tarbawiyyah wa al-Dirasah al-Islamiyyah, Jami’ah al-Malik Saud, Vol. I, 1992.
al-Shatibi, Ibrahim ibn Musa, Al-I’tisam, Vol. I, Dar ibn Affan, 1992.
al-Nawawi, Zakariyya ibn Yahya, Al-Minhaj Sharh Sahih Muslim ibn Hajjaj, Vol. VII, Egypt: Al Matba’ah al-Misriyyah, al-Azhar, 1929.
‘Ali, Abu Bakr Ahmad ibn al-Husayn ibn, Sunan al-Kubra al-Bayhaqi, Vol. IV, Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-Ilmiyyah.
al-San’ani, Abu Bakr Abd al-Razzaq ibn Hammam, al-Musannaf, Vol. 4, Johannesberg: Majlis al-‘Ilmi, 1972.
al-Khayti, Imad al-Din, Haqa’iq ‘an Qamar wa al-Shahr al-Qamari”, http://blog.icoproject.org/?p=226, accessed February 4, 2021.
al-Qalyubi, Shihab al-Din Ahmad ibn Ahmad, Hashiyah Sharh Jalal al-Din al-Mahalli, Vol. 2, Mesir: Maktabah Mustafa al-Babi, 1956.
al-Sharwani, Abd al-Hamid & Ahmad ibn Qasim al-Ubbadi, Hawashi Tuhfah am-Muhtaj bi Sharh al-Minhaj, Vol. 3, Matbaah Mustafa Muhammad, t.t.
al-Subki, Abu al-Hasan Taqiy al-Din Ali ibn Abd al-Kafi, Fatawa al-Subki, Vol. 1, Dar al-Ma’rifah, t.t.
al-Batawi, Muhammad Mansur ibn Abd al-Hamid, Sullam al-Nayyirayn, t.k.: t.p., 1925.
al-Hamid, Abd al-Jalil ibn Abd, Fath al-Ra’uf al-Mannan, Kudus: Menara Kudus, t.t.
al-Najjar, Amir, Al-turuq al-Sufiyyah fi Misr, Cairo: Dar Al-Ma’arif, t.t.
al-Halbi, Muhammad ibn Yahya al-Tdhifi, Qala’id al-Jawahir fi Manaqib Abd al-Qadir, Mesir: Maktabah Mustafa al-Babi al-Halbi, 1956.
al-‘Amili, Muhammad bin al-Hasan al-Harr, Tafsil wasa’il al-Shi’ah ila Tahsil Masa’il al-Shari’ah, Juz. 10, Mu’assasah Ali Bayt ‘alihim al-Salam li Ihya’ al-Turats, t.t.
Ardi, Hesti Yozevta, “Metode Penentuan Awal Bulan Kamariyah Menurut Jama’ah Annazir”, Undergraduate-Thesis, IAIN Walisongo Semrang 2012.
‘Ali al-Maqrizi, Taqiy al-Din Ahmad ibn, Ittiaz al-Hunafa bi Akhbar al-A’immah al-Fatimiyyin al-Khulafa’, Da al-Nasr, 1996.
Azhar, Susiknan, “Karakteristik Hubungan Muhammadiyah dan NU dalam Menggunakan Hisab dan Rukyat,” Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 44, No. 2, 2006.
________, “Hisab Hakiki Model Muhammad Wardan: Sebuah Penelusuran Awal”, Al-Jami’ah: Journal of Islamic Studies, Vol. 42, No.1, 2004.
________, “Sejarah dan Dinamika Pemikiran Hisab Muhammadiyah” http://museumastronomi.com/sejarah-dan-dinamika-pemikiran-hisab-muhammadiyah/, accessed January 21, 2021.
Butar-Butar, Arwin Juli Rakhmadi, Visibilitas Hilal menurut Astronom Muslim Abad 9-15 M, Yogyakarta: Bildung, 2020.
de Graaf, H.J., Kerajaan-Kerajaan Islam di Jawa, Grafiti & KITLV, 2001.
Directorate General of Islamic Community Guidance, Ministry of Religion of Indonesia, Almanak Hisab Rukyat, Jakarta: Directorate General of Islamic Community Guidance, Ministry of Religion of Indonesia, 2010.
Dardiri, Hudan, “Studi Konsep Almanak NU dan Prospeknya Menuju Penyatuan Kalender Hijriah Nasional,” Undergraduate-Thesis, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, 2014.
Fikri, Afif Chasbi, “Aplikasi Metode Hisab ‘Urfi Khomasi di Pesantren Mahfilud Duror Desa Suger Kidul Kecamatan Jelbuk Kabupaten Jember dalam Menentukan Awal dan Akhir Ramadhan”, Undergraduate-Thesis, UIN Maulana Malik Ibrahim, Malang, 2010.
Hafez, Ihsan, “Abd al-Rahman al-Sufi and His Book the Fixed Stars: a Journey of re-Discovery”, Ph.D-Thesis, James Cook Unversity, Australia, 2010.
Halm, Heinz, The Empire of The Mahdi: The Rise of The Fatimid, Leiden-New York-Koln: EJ. Brill, 1996.
Hurgronje, Snouck, Aceh di Mata Kolonialis I, Jakarta: Yayasan Soko Guru, 1985.
Ibrahim, Amal, “Ramadan begins: history of moon sighting in Egypt”, https://dailynewsegypt.com/2019/05/06/ramadan-begins-history-of-moon-sighting-in-egypt/, accessed October 6, 2020.
Jamaluddin, Thomas, “Wujudul Hilal yang Usang dan Jadi Pemecah Belah Umat Harus Diperbarui.” https://tdjamaluddin.wordpress.com/2011/09/05/wujudul-hilal-yang-usang-dan-jadi-pemecah-belah-ummat-harus-diperbarui/, accessed July 1, 2021.
Kurniawan, Rudi, “Studi Analisis Penentuan Awal Bulan Kamariah dalam Perspektif Tarekat Naqsabandiyah di Kota Padang,” Undergraduate-Thesis, IAIN Walisongo Semarang, 2013.
Musonnif, Ahmad, Tipologi Epistemologi Hukum Islam: Analisis Metode Penetapan Awal Bulan Hijriyah Tokoh-tokoh Agama Tulungagung”, Ahkam: Jurnal Hukum Islam, Vol. 7, No. 1, 2019.
_________, “Relasi Intelektual, Jawa Islam, Bugis Islam, dan Turki Utsmani: Tinjauan atas Sistem Kalender dalam Serat Widya Pradana, Lontara Pananrang dan Ruzname Darendeli”, Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, Vol. 06, No. 01, 2018.
__________, “Geneologi Kalender Islam Jawa Menurut Ronggo Warsito: Sebuah Komentar atas Sejarah Kalender dalam Serat Widya Pradhana”, Kontemplasi: Jurnal Ilmu-Ilmu Ushuluddin, Vol. 05, No. 02, 2017.
Muzakkin, Fikrizuhara, “Menghitung Waktu Ijtimak”, http://repo.mercubuana-yogya.ac.id/repo-unnes/dokumen/astrodb/pdf/muzakkin_cara_menghitung_waktu_ijtimak.pdf, accessed February 22, 2021.
Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid PP Muhammadiyah, Pedoman Hisab Muhammadiyah Majelis Tarjih dan Tajdid Pimpinan Pusat Muhammadiyah, Majelis Tarjih & Tajdid PP Muhammadiyah, Yogyakarta, 2009.
Makruf Amin: Kesaksian Melihat Hilal ketika Tidak Imkan, Tidak Bisa Diterima, https://www2.kemenag.go.id/berita/150376/makruf-amin-kesaksian-melihat-hilal-ketika-tidak-imkan-tidak-bisa-diterima?lang=id, accessed January 07, 2021.
Purwanto, Sugeng, Hisab Kiai Dahlan Beda dengan Keraton, https://pwmu.co/148196/05/16/hisab-kiai-dahlan-beda-dengan-kraton/, accessed October 13, 2020.
Pertiwi, Asih, “Metode Penentuan Awal Akhir Ramadan menurut Tarekat Syattariyah di Desa Peuleukung Kecamatan Seunagan Timur Kabupaten Nagan Raya Aceh”, Undergraduate-Thesis, UIN Walisongo Semarang, 2017.
Shofiyulloh, “Analisis Pemikiran Muhammad Mansur dalam Hisab Awal Bulan Kamariah”, Al-Wijdán: Journal of Islamic Education Studies, Vol. 3, No 2, 2018.
van Gent, Robert Harry, “The Arithmetical or Tabular Islamic Calendar”, https://webspace.science.uu.nl/~gent0113/islam/islam_tabcal_variants.htm, accessed February 22, 2021.
Yusmar, Syarifuddin, “Penanggalan Bugis-Makassar dalam Penentuan Awal Bulan Kamariah Menurut Syari’ah dan Sains,” Jurnal Hunafa, Vol. 5, No.3, 2008.
Zainal, Baharrudin,” A Selective Literature Review of Young Moon Crescent Visibility Studies”, https://dosya.diyanet.gov.tr/EAPDosya/EAPYayinDosya/M37.pdf, accessed February 22, 2021.
Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.