Keywords
Global Jihad
Ayman al-Zawahiri
Ideology
How to Cite
Abstract
Takfir is an ideology of excommunicating fellow Muslims because of having different beliefs or expressing a different point of view. This article deals with the development of the takfir doctrine which separates some groups not only based on theological aspects but also on socio-political aspects, such as justifying the democratic system or collaborating with enemies of Islam. It particularly addresses the question of how Ayman al-Zawahiri globalized the takfir doctrine as a campaign against secularism, capitalism, human rights, and environmental crisis, in order to invite local jihadist groups to fight together in a global sphere.
References
al-Zawahiri, Ayman, Al-Hasad Al-Marr, 1998.
_________., Jihad Al-Tawagit, Bait al-Maqdis, 2009.
_________., “Knights under the Prophet’s Banner,” The Theory and Practice of Islamic Terrorism, 2008.
Alshech, Eli, “The Doctrinal Crisis within the Salafi-Jihadi Ranks and the Emergence of Neo-Takfirism: A Historical and Doctrinal Analysis,” Islamic law and Society, Vol. 21, No. 4, 2014.
Al-’Anbari, Khalid bin Muhammad, Rulling by Other That What Allah Revealed; the Fundamentals of Takfir, al-Aqur’an was-sunnah Society of North America, 1999.
al-Zayyat, Montasser, The Road to Al-Qaeda: The Story of bin Laden’s Right-Hand Man, London: Pluto Press, 2004.
Asrori, Saifudin, “Mengikuti Panggilan Jihad; Argumentasi Radikalisme dan Ekstremisme di Indonesia,” Aqlam: Journal of Islam and Plurality, Vol. 4, No. 1, 2019.
Al-Ghazâlî, Abû Hâmid, Faishal Al-Tafriqah Bayna Al-Islam Wa Zandaqoh, Beirut: Dar al-Fikr, 1993.
________., Al-Munqidz Min Dlalâl, Cairo: Dâr al-Kutub al-Hadîtsah, 1974.
Arrazy, Hasyim, “Teologi Muslim Puritan: Genealogi dan Ajaran Salafi” Ph.D Thesis, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 2017.
Azra, Azyumardi & Harun Nasution, Perkembangan Modern dalam Islam, Jakarta: Yayasan Obor, 1985.
Badar, Mohamed, Masaki Nagata, and Tiphanie Tueni, “The Radical Application of the Islamist Concept of Takfir,” Arab Law Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 2, 2017.
Bakhtiar, Amsal, “Problematika Metafisika dan Fisika dalam Filsafat Islam: Perbandingan antara Al-Ghazali dan Ibn Rusyd,” Research Report, UIN Syarif Hidayatullah Jakarta, 1998.
Drennan, Shane, “Constructing Takfir from Abdullah Azzam to Djamel Zitouni,” The CTC Sentinel, 2008.
Esposito, John L., “Islam and Political Violence,” Religions, Vol. 6, No. 3, 2015.
Grabus, Nedzad, “Islamic Theology between Tradition and Challenge of Modernity,” Islam and Christian-Muslim Relations, Vol. 23, No. 3, 2012.
Gohel, Sajjan M., “Deciphering Ayman Al-Zawahiri and Al-Qaeda’s Strategic and Ideological Imperatives,” Perspectives on Terrorism, Vol. 11, No. 1, 2017.
Hunter, Shireen T. (ed.), Reformist Voices of Islam: Mediating Islam and Modernity, London & New York: Routledge, 2009.
Husaini, Ishak Musa, The Moslem Brethren: The Greatest of Modern Islamic Movements, Westport: Hyperion Press, 1956.
Hefner, Robert W. (ed.), “Muslims and Modernity: Culture and Society since 1800,” The New Cambridge History of Islam, Vol. 6, 2010.
Ibrahim, Raymond (ed.), The Al Qaeda Reader: The Essential Texts of Osama bin Laden’s Terrorist Organization, New York: Crown, 2007.
Kurzman, Charles, Modernist Islam, 1840-1940: A Sourcebook, USA: Oxford University Press, 2002.
Mujani, Saiful, “Mu‘tazilah and the Modernization of the Indonesian Muslim Community: Intellectual Portrait of Harun Nasution,” Studia Islamika, Vol. 1, No. 1, 1994.
Moaddel, Mansoor, “Conditions for Ideological Production: The Origins of Islamic Modernism in India, Egypt, and Iran,” Theory and Society, Vol. 30, 2001.
Musallam, Adnan A., “The Posthumous Impact of Sayyid Qutb (1906–1966) on Ayman Al-Zawahiri and Global Jihadists of Al-Qa’eda,” Journal of South Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Vol. 43, No. 2, 2020.
Nasution, Harun, Islam Ditinjau dari Berbagai Aspeknya Jilid II, Jakarta: UI-Press, 1974.
Rahman, Fazlur, “Islamic Modernism: Its Scope, Method and Alternatives,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 1, No. 4, 1970.
Riedel, Bruce, The Search for Al Qaeda: Its Leadership, Ideology, and Future, Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2010.
Saleh, Fauzan, Modern Trends in Islamic Theological Discourses in 20th Century Indonesia; a Critical Survey, Leiden: Brill, 2001.
Turner, John A., Religious Ideology and the Roots of the Global Jihad, London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014.
Taimiyah, Ibn., Fatawa Kubra, Beirut: Dar al- Kutub al-Islamiyah, 1987.
Thohir, Umar Faruq, “Kafir dan Mukmin dalam Perspektif Tasawuf Akhlaqi Al-Ghazali,” Jurnal Asy-Syari’ah, Vol. 5, No. 1, 2019.
Vertigans, Stephen, Militant Islam: A Sociology of Characteristics, Causes and Consequences, London: Routledge, 2008.
Yatim, Badri, Sejarah Peradaban Islam, Jakarta: Rajawali Press, 1997.
Yin, Robert K., Applications of Case Study Research, New York: Sage Publishing, 2011.
Epistemé: Jurnal Pengembangan Ilmu Keislaman is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License.