Challenging Patriarchal Readings of Nusyuz: A Maqāṣid al-Sharī‘ah Approach to Strengthening Women’s Legal Safeguards

rahmatul lidia wati; Danisha Nashwa Rizkyta; Azkiya Wafiq Nadhifa; Nur Fadhilah

Authors

rahmatul lidia wati uin maulana malik ibrahim malang
Danisha Nashwa Rizkyta uin maulana malik ibrahim malang
Azkiya Wafiq Nadhifa uin maulana malik ibrahim malang
Nur Fadhilah uin maulana malik ibrahim malang

Keywords:

nusyuz, domestic violence, Islamic family law, maqāṣid al-sharīʿah, gender justice

Abstract

Penelitian ini mengkaji rekonstruksi konsep nusyuz melalui kerangka maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah sebagai respons terhadap realitas kekerasan dalam rumah tangga yang dialami perempuan di Indonesia. Penelitian ini mengajukan tiga pertanyaan utama: bagaimana nusyuz didefinisikan dalam fikih klasik dan peraturan perundang-undangan keluarga Islam di Indonesia, prinsip-prinsip hukum Islam apa yang mendukung hak perempuan atas keselamatan dan resistensi terhadap bahaya, serta bagaimana maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah dapat dioperasionalkan untuk menghasilkan penafsiran yang lebih adil. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif dengan pendekatan kualitatif berbasis studi pustaka. Bahan hukum primer, meliputi kitab-kitab fikih klasik, tafsir Al-Qur’an terkait QS 4:34, serta peraturan hukum keluarga Islam di Indonesia, khususnya Kompilasi Hukum Islam. Sedangkan bahan hukum sekunder berupa artikel jurnal ilmiah yang membahas isu kekerasan dalam rumah tangga, keadilan gender, dan reformasi hukum Islam kontemporer. Analisis dilakukan melalui tiga tahapan: analisis doktrinal untuk memetakan definisi nusyuz yang berkembang, analisis hermeneutis-kontekstual untuk mengaitkan doktrin tersebut dengan realitas sosial dan praktik peradilan di Indonesia, serta evaluasi berbasis maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah dengan menggunakan prinsip ḥifẓ al-nafs, perlindungan martabat, dan kaidah dar’ al-mafāsid sebagai tolok ukur analitis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa konstruksi klasik dan normatif nusyuz kerap dipengaruhi oleh asumsi patriarkal dan belum mampu membedakan secara tegas antara pembangkangan dan tindakan perlindungan diri. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa tindakan istri untuk melindungi diri dari bahaya tidak dapat dikategorikan sebagai nusyuz, serta bahwa kewajiban dalam perkawinan harus dipahami secara resiprokal. Dengan mengoperasionalkan maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah sebagai alat analisis, penelitian ini menawarkan kerangka yang kontekstual dan doktrinal untuk memperkuat perlindungan hukum bagi perempuan dalam hukum keluarga Islam.

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