FENOMENA PENIPUAN LINK PHISHING DALAM PERSPEKTIF SOSIOLOGI KRIMINALITAS

Abstract

Abstrak: Perkembangan teknologi digital yang pesat telah membuka peluang terjadinya berbagai bentuk kejahatan siber, salah satunya penipuan berbasis phishing. Fenomena ini terus mengalami peningkatan yang signifikan, berdasarkan data Indonesia Domain Abuse Data Exchange (IDADX) mencatat 2.470 laporan phishing pada kuartal pertama tahun 2025 dan meningkat menjadi 3.138 kasus pada kuartal pertama tahun 2026. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan fenomena penipuan phishing di Indonesia, menganalisis motif pelaku melalui perspektif sosiologi kriminalitas, serta mengidentifikasi faktor-faktor sosiologis yang memengaruhi kerentanan korban terhadap penipuan phishing. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi kepustakaan. Sumber data terdiri dari artikel jurnal ilmiah, laporan lembaga resmi seperti IDADX, BSSN, dan OJK, serta berita dari media terpercaya yang relevan dengan topik penelitian. Analisis data dilakukan menggunakan metode analisis isi dengan mengacu pada kerangka Teori Anomie, Teori Kontrol Sosial, Teori Differential Association, dan Teori Aktivitas Rutin. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa motif pelaku phishing dapat dijelaskan melalui tiga teori, yakni tekanan struktural antara tujuan finansial dan keterbatasan akses sarana yang sah (Teori Anomie), lemahnya ikatan sosial yang mendorong pelaku beroperasi secara anonim (Teori Kontrol Sosial), serta proses pembelajaran kejahatan melalui komunitas digital (Teori Differential Association). Sementara itu, kerentanan korban dijelaskan melalui Teori Aktivitas Rutin, yakni tingginya intensitas aktivitas digital masyarakat yang tidak diimbangi dengan literasi dan kewaspadaan digital yang memadai. Penelitian ini menegaskan bahwa penanggulangan phishing memerlukan pendekatan multi-dimensi yang melampaui aspek hukum dan teknis semata.

Kata Kunci: phishing; sosiologi kriminalitas; teori anomie; teori kontrol sosial; teori aktivitas rutin.

Abstract: The rapid development of digital technology has opened opportunities for various forms of cybercrime, one of which is phishing-based fraud. This phenomenon has continued to increase significantly, with data from the Indonesia Domain Abuse Data Exchange (IDADX) recording 2,470 phishing reports in the first quarter of 2025, rising to 3,138 cases in the first quarter of 2026. This study aims to describe the phenomenon of phishing fraud in Indonesia, analyze the perpetrators' motives through the perspective of criminal sociology, and identify sociological factors that influence victims' vulnerability to phishing fraud. This study employs a qualitative approach using a library research method. Data sources consist of scientific journal articles, official institutional reports from IDADX, BSSN, and OJK, as well as relevant news from credible media. Data analysis was conducted using content analysis referring to the frameworks of Anomie Theory, Social Control Theory, Differential Association Theory, and Routine Activity Theory. The results show that the motives of phishing perpetrators can be explained through three theories: structural pressure between financial goals and limited access to legitimate means (Anomie Theory), weak social bonds that drive perpetrators to operate anonymously (Social Control Theory), and the process of learning criminal behavior through digital communities (Differential Association Theory). Meanwhile, victims' vulnerability is explained through Routine Activity Theory, namely the high intensity of digital activity in society that is not matched by adequate digital literacy and vigilance. This study concludes that combating phishing requires a multi-dimensional approach that goes beyond legal and technical aspects alone.

Keywords: phishing; criminal sociology; anomie theory; social control theory; routine activity theory.